Scientific+Revolution+and+Enlightenment

Date: 1550-1800 By: Emily Meyer, Taylor Christensen, and Martha Heinrich

"And yet ... it moves"--Galileo









In this time works by Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato were made able to be read by humanists, which helped spread ideas quickly and led to more discoveries faster than would have been possible without the printing press. While Ptolemy said the world was geocentric or earth centered, Copernicus disagreed and said the universe was heliocentric or sun centered. Then Johannes Kepler came up with his laws of planetary motion from the idea of a heliocentric universe. Then with the invention of the telescope Galileo Galilei discovered mountains on the moon and sunspots. From all of these previous ideas Isaac Newton wrote the Principia and came up with the universal law of gravitation from the act of an apple falling from the tree. There were also female scientists like Margaret Cavendish who said humans were the masters of nature and Maria Winkelmann an astronomer who discovered the comet. Scientists used the Scientific Method as a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence.

There were many influential musicians during this time too. There was Handel who was German, lived in England, and was best known for his religious work. Bach spent his entire life in Germany and was given the reputation as being one of the greatest composers of all time by his mass in b minor. Haydn was a director for wealthy Hungarian princes and his two famous works were The Creation and The Seasons. There was also Mozart a child prodigy, he was not financially stable in his lifetime and his three most famous works were The Marriage of Figaro, the Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni. Philosophy was also very important during this time. Baron de Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws and identified three basic kinds of government. Voltaire wrote Treatise on Toleration and reminded governments that “all men are brothers under God.” Diderot came up with the idea of the Encyclopedia or a classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades. Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations and believed the state shouldn’t interfere with economic matters. Cesare Beccaria wrote an essay, On Crimes and Punishments, and it argued that punishments should not be exercises in brutality.



__** People **__ 1) ** Galileo **-He is called the Father of modern science came the starry messenger in the year 1610 he discovered the moons of jupiter and also showed that the moons had mountains and sunspots 2) ** Sir Isaac Newton **- he was the principia in the year 1687 he also created the law of gravity which says that all bodies attract each other with a force that can be measured. 3) ** Mary Wolllstonecraft **- she was the 1st feminists she also started a vidication of the rights of women in the year 1792 she showed that people are sexual equality and also in education, politics and careers. 4)** Leonardo Da Vinci **- he was called the most curious man who ever lived he studied human anatomy, the flying machines and the bicycles. 5) ** Johannes Kepler **- he found the laws of planetary motion in the year 1906 he discoverd that the planets revolved around the sun in and elliptical orbit which is the bases that we live on now. 6) ** Nicholas Copernicus **-he studied on the revolutions of the heavenly bodies in the year 1543 which his believes became known as the helliocentric theory also means sun centered. 7)** Antoine Lavisier **- he was the founder of modern chemistry and the nature of combusion he was beheaded in the year 1794 by the guillotine and died seeing how many blinks after he lost his head. 8) ** Cesave Beccaria **-they were a italian philosopher she also abolished torture and the capital punishment also now of days called the death penalty. 9) ** Zachorias Jansen **- His job was a dutch eyeglass maker it really helped him as he made the first tellescope which is the 10x zoom in the year 1590. 10) ** Tycho Brake **- he was considerd the 1st true astronomer he also proved Copernicus theory he also started the uraniburg which was also called the Castle of the heavens.




 * __ 10 Terms __**
 * Geocentric **- literally, earth-centered; a system of planetary motion that places Earth at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and other planets revolving around it
 * Heliocentric **-literally, sun-centered; the system of the universe proposed in 1543 by Nicholas Copernicus, who argued that the earth and planets revolve around the sun.
 * Ptolemaic system **-the geocentric model of the universe that prevailed in the Middle Ages; named after the astronomer Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria during the second century.
 * Universal law of gravitation **-one of the three rules of motion governing the planetary bodies set forth by Sir Isaac Newton in his Principia; it explains that planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits about the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.
 * Scientific method **- a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world.
 * Inductive reasoning **- the doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observation and carefully organized experiment to text hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles.
 * Deism **- an eighteenth- century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law
 * Separation of powers **- a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances.
 * Laissez-faire **- literally, “let [people] do [what they want],” the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone.
 * Salon **- the elegant drawing rooms of great urban houses where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophies, helping to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.



__**Links:**__ 1) [|Ptolemy]--This has a biography about Ptolemy and his scientific works. 2) [|Johann Sebastian Bach]-- This has information about Bach a famous composer and his works. 3) [|Nicholas Copernicus]-- This website is a biography about Nicholas Copernicus and his works with astrology. 4) [|Denis Diderot]-- This website has information about Denis Diderot the philosopher from France. 5) [|The HIstory of Tom Jones, a Foundling]--This History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, written by Henry Fielding can be read by you for free on this website. 6) [|Laissez-Faire]-- This website is an example of laissez-faire is, it is free writing where you can say what ever you want, you can read the articles of the front or explore the links to other parts of the site on the left. 7) [|Archimedes]--This website gives a biography of Archimedes life, and a list with descriptions of some of his inventions, like his famous death ray. 8) [|Mozart]-- This website includes links to different concertos by Mozart, if you look at these you can discover the music style of the era for yourself. 9) [|Scientific Method]-- This website explains the scientific method in depth. The scientific method includes: observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, and conclusion. 10) [|Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation]-- This website explains Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, and even gives an equation for his Law. An interesting fact is that gravity was discovered by the simple fact of a falling apple.



media type="custom" key="12319062"



timeline



media type="custom" key="12799026"