Crisis+and+Absolutism+in+Europe

Date: 1550-1715 By:Taylor Christensen, Martha Heinrich, and Emily Meyer



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**"I will have but one mistress, England, and no master"-- Queen Elizabeth I**



There were many different terms for people during the Crisis and Absolutism one of them was the moors who were Spanish Muslims. There were also sea dogs who were English pirates who robbed Spanish Ships. There were also political parties like the roundheads and burgesses who supported parliament, and the cavaliers and royalists who supported King Charles I. There were also different terms for nobles in different countries like Boyars and Junkers. There were also different royal families like the Hapsburgs, the Tudors of England, the Stuarts of Scotland, and the Romanovs of Russia. There were a lot of events that took place during the Crisis and Absolutism like the Spanish inquisition where the Spanish knights fought in a crusade against the Muslims in Spain. The Spanish also invaded England in 1588 with their armada. From 1550 to 1650 was the century of gold when Spanish culture peaked. In England, there was the Gunpowder Plot in November 5, 1604, the London Plague in 1665, and the Bloodless Revolution when James the II fled to France. There was also the thirty years war from 1618 to 1648 it was the last great religious war between the Protestants and the Catholics. There were two wars of Succession, the War of Spanish Succession and the War of Austrian Succession. Then there was the Seven Years War which was known as the French and Indian War in America. Also, in Russia, there was the Times of Trouble after Ivan IV and there was no strong leadership. In Europe, there were many places these events happened and these people lived. In Spain, the capital was Madrid and El Escorial was the palace and Royal Court. In England, London was the capital and in the Tower of London Mary Stuart was beheaded. The English’s first colony was Jamestown, Virginia in North America. In France, there was the Palace of Versailles which was the center of government and French culture. Louisiana was the French territory claimed by de La Salle. Germany was a bunch of Small independent states, Prussia was a militaristic German state and Berlin was its capital. In Russia, Moscow was the capital and became the “Third Rome.” The Window on the West was an important water port on the Baltic and Black Seas. St. Petersburg became the “Venice of the North” and the new capital city, and the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg became the home of the Czars and Czarinas. Siberia was also in Russia and it had a lot fur trade and natural resources.



time Prussia became world power.
 * __ 10 Important People __**
 * 1) Queen Elizabeth I **:When in power called Elizabethan Age also defeated the Spanish armada was the queen of England and last of Tudor family.
 * 2) Cardinal Richelieu **: Chief adviser to Louis XIII one of the greatest European rulers he also made king supreme in France and world power.
 * 3) King Fredrick II **: was Frederick the great he was one of the greatest military and political leaders during his
 * 4) Oliver Cromwell **: was called the “lord protector” he was a dictator of 1646 to 1658 had strict puritan rules was the leader of the new model army (par. Army).
 * 5) Ferdinand II **: He tried to restore the Catholic Church in Germany and was king in the year 1618 of the Holy Roman Empire
 * 6) Czar Michael Romanov **: he was the first of the Romanov dynasty he was a part of the ruling family of Russia from 1631 to 1917.
 * 7) Gustavus Adolphus **: was called the “lion of the north” he was the king of Sweden was involved with the peace of Westphalia.
 * 8) Ivan IV **: was nicknamed “Ivan the terrible” was the first crowned Czar of Russia he had secret police he executed 1000’s and ripped out tongues.
 * 9) James II **: was a ruler who was disliked by parliament he was the brother of Charles II Was forced to give up crown and had to flew to France.
 * 10) Catherine the great **: She was a carina empress she added 200,000 sq. miles to Russia she defeated Ottoman Turks and gained the black sea port.


 * __ 10 key terms __**
 * Militant ** -combative religions, could be very aggressive, tried to win converts and in eliminating each other’s authority, this happened between Calvinism and Catholicism
 * Armada ** -Spanish fleet of war ships sent to fight against England by Philip II of Spain, the English crushed them badly
 * Inflation ** -a persistent rise in prices related to an increase in the volume of money and resulting in the loss of value of currency
 * Witchcraft ** -the art of practice of a witch, people where being accused during the 16th and 17th century, single women and women over 50 were accused the most
 * Commonwealth ** -English government from the abolition of the monarchy in 1649 until the establishment of the Protectorate in 1653
 * Czar ** -an emperor or ruler, Ivan IV of Russia was the first to use this title, as the first crowned czar of Russia during his reign from 1533-1584
 * Absolutism ** -system in which a ruler holds total power, this was tied to the idea of the divine rights of kings
 * Boyar ** -Russian nobility, member of the upper Russian society, contained of a senior class, power crushed by Ivan the Terrible
 * Natural rights ** -Are rights with which humans are born; these rights included life, liberty, and property. These were in the state of human nature.
 * Baroque ** -A movement that replaced mannerism, began in Italy in the last quarter of the sixteenth century and eventually spread to the rest of Europe.



**10 Links** [|Spanish Inquistion]-- This website has a couple paragraphs about the Spanish Inquisition and the politcal and religious reasons that started it. [|Francis Drake]-- This website contains a lot about the life of Francis Drake who helped the English Defeat the Spanish Armada. [|Gunpowder Plot]-- This website has information about the Gunpowder Plot and links in some of the words to discover even more about this event. [|Oliver Cromwell]-- This website has a timeline of Oliver Cromwell's life and all the accomplishments he made. [|Boyars]-- This is a britannica online article about boyars, who they were and what they did. [|St. Petersburg Museum]--This is thehome page of the St. Petersburg Museum in Russia's homepage, it has links to different aspects of Russian culuture like their art, it even has a learning place for kids. [|Cardinal Richelieu]-- THis is a short biography of Cardinal Richelieu who was the prime minister of France, and livedfrom 1585 to 1642. [|Versailles]--This website includes many pictures and a timeline about its history. [|Catherine the Great]--This website has a lengthy biography about Catherine II also known as Catherine the Great. [|James II]-- This was a biography about James the II who was a British monarch, that was exiled at the end of his life.



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__**Timeline for the Crisis and Absolutism in Europe**__
 * 1520**: Mannerism movement begins in Italy
 * 1558**: Eliazbeth I becomes queen of England
 * 1566**: Violence erupts between Calvinists and Catholics in the Netherlands
 * 1598**: French Wars of Religion end
 * 1618**: Thirty Years' War begins in Germany
 * 1648**: Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War
 * 1680**: Toleration Act of 1689 is passed in English Parliament
 * 1690**: John Locke develops theory of government
 * 1701**: Frederick I becomes king of Prussia

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